Gender & Sexuality: Feminisms and Feminist Theory

From Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian and Gay Liberation Movements
Lesbian-feminism is both a philosophy and political movement that links women's oppression to the institutions of patriarchy and heterosexuality. It has its roots in the gender politics of radical feminism of the early 1970s, when “feminism was the theory, and lesbianism was the practice” (attributed to Ti-Grace Atkinson). Lesbian-feminism is the analysis of the norm of heterosexuality that maintains male supremacy.

From Encyclopedia of Environment and Society
Ecofeminism posits that the same masculinist habits of thinking and behavior that devalue, oppress, and exploit women also do so to nature; and are mutually reinforcing hegemonic processes pivoting around artificial Western binary oppositions interpreted by religion, science, government, and other androcentric agencies.

From Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics
The term black feminism became popular in the 1970s with the inception of the black women's movement. It is an ideology that informs and guides the strategies and actions of women of color seeking to attain social equality.

From Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics
In global feminism, the forces of colonialism and nationalism have conspired to divide the world into the haves, known as the First World, and the have nots, known as the Third World. Global feminists seek to expand feminist thought to include issues vital to women in the Third World.

From Feminist Philosophies A-Z
Friedrich Engels’ The Origin of the Family (1884/1972), a fundamental text in Marxist feminism, argued that the move to private property included a shift from matriarchy to patriarchy and was the initiating point for women’s subordination and oppression.

From Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics
Radical feminism is difficult to define because of the many subgroups within the larger framework. However, there are some common distinguishing features.

From Encyclopedia of American Studies
Feminist art was not regarded as a movement per se but a revolutionary strategy intended to challenge received assessments of modernism, formal values, and stylistic hierarchies.

From The Reader's Companion to US Women's History
Feminist literary criticism can be defined as the study of literature by women, or the interpretation of any text written with an attention to gender dynamics or a focus on female characters.

From Encyclopedia of Nursing Research
Feminist research methodology has traditionally centered on women and their experiences from a sociopolitical context. The use of feminist principles guides the researcher in exploration of gender interaction with various social factors

From The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology
In general terms, feminist social theory is concerned to understand and explain the subordinate position of women in society by reference to gender differences and specifically in terms of a theory of patriarchy.

From The Reader's Companion to US Women's History
Feminist theology is not primarily reflection on special “feminine” themes in theology and does not intend to create a special subcategory of theology relevant primarily to women. Rather, feminist theology arises from a recognition that traditional theology in Christianity (and other major religions) has been created almost exclusively by males.

From World of Sociology, Gale
Men’s studies is a relatively new research sub-field within the sociology of gender which focuses on the way men’s gender affects their social life and social position. It is usually conceptualized as complimentary to women’s studies

From The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English
An essay by Virginia Woolf based upon two papers read to the Arts Society at Newnham College and the Odtaa at Girton College, Cambridge, in October 1928. It has become a feminist classic.

From A History of Feminist Literary Criticism
Kate Millett innovatively linked the sexual or, as we would now say, ‘gender’, to questions of politics and power and, in so doing, coined a term, ‘sexual politics’, that became indispensable to future debates.

From A History of Feminist Literary Criticism
Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex (1949) is one of the most famous and influential books of the twentieth century. It had a profound influence on the development of twentieth-century feminism.

From The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English
Addressing women as 'rational creatures', Mary Wollstonecraft's second Vindication is a devastating critique of middle-class femininity: of the 'false refinement' and 'over-exercised sensibility' of women educated only to 'marry advantageously'.

From The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English
This dense and resonant exploration of women's unrealized potential was the culmination of Margaret Fuller's feminist insights.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman's most celebrated and widely read short story is the tale of a depressed woman with a young baby who has been prescribed a period of social exclusion and mental inactivity, a 'rest cure' that precipitates the very collapse it was designed to avoid. The story has strong Gothic elements and a clear feminist message concerning the infantilizing and constriction of women within marriage.

Maya Angelou is a prolific autobiographer, poet, and playwright, as well as an accomplished producer, director, actor, performer, and singer. The themes that emerge in her autobiography series are the struggle for civil rights in the United States and Africa, Angelou’s involvement with the feminist movement, her ongoing relationship with her son, and her awareness of the difficulties of living in the U.S. lower classes.

From Encyclopedia of Women's Autobiography
Best known as the author of the founding text of second-wave feminism, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949, [The Second Sex]), Simone de Beauvoir has been called the “emblematic intellectual woman of the twentieth century.”

Behn is renowned not only for being the first woman in England to earn a living as a professional writer but also for her colourful life, which included a spell as a clandestine government agent.

Writer and feminist leader; As a result of surveys of female college graduates, she came to identify certain problems that women were experiencing in their lives, and after several years of research she published The Feminine Mystique (1963), an exposé of the traditional roles assigned to women in modern industrial societies.

In 1845 the American feminist writer and journalist Margaret Fuller, an imposing and idiosyncratic intellectual figure in literary circles in New England, published an important early contribution to the history of American feminism.

Although Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a notorious public figure in her day and despite a review article in the Journal of Political Economy (Hill, 1904), her work was neglected from her death in 1935 until her rediscovery in 1956 by historian Carl Degler, and has only recently become a focus of interest for feminist economists.

From 1911 West became involved in women's suffrage campaigns and turned to journalism; throughout her life she continued to contribute to leading British and American periodicals, beginning with the feminist Freewoman (which her mother had forbidden her to read). She joined The Clarion the following year as a political writer and later reviewed novels for The New Statesman and contributed to The Daily Telegraph.

Since her rediscovery by the women’s movement during the 1970s, Mary Wollstonecraft has been championed as the seminal voice in the long struggle for women’s emancipation in Britain. A courageous but at times deeply troubled and unhappy woman, she rebelled against the social strictures of her time, twice choosing to live openly with the man she loved.

In addition to her novels Virginia Woolf produced a great variety of other work – short stories, criticism, and biography – despite recurring bouts of depression, which had begun early in life after her mother's death. Her best critical essays are contained in The Common Reader (1925; second series, 1932). A Room of One's Own (1929) and Three Guineas (1938) are feminist classics.